See upholden in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "uphold"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "uphaud"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "up-haud"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "uphald"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "uphaud"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "up-haud"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "uphalde"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "up-",
"3": "holden"
},
"expansion": "up- + holden",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ophouden"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch ophouden",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "upholden"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German upholden",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "ûfhalten"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German ûfhalten",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From up- + holden; compare Middle Dutch ophouden, Middle Low German upholden, Middle High German ûfhalten.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upholdeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upheld",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "upholden",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "upholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to upholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "upheld",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "uphelde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "upheld",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "uphelde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "upholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "uphelden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "uphelde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "up halde",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "uphold",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "up-holde",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "up halden",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "uphald",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "up-halde",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "upholden",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "upholdeth",
"2": "upholdynge",
"3": "upheld",
"4": "upholden"
},
"expansion": "upholden (third-person singular simple present upholdeth, present participle upholdynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative upheld, past participle upholden)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hold",
"2": "held",
"class": "7",
"pf": "up"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 34 23 11 7 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms prefixed with up-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To hold up; to keep aloft or upright."
],
"id": "en-upholden-enm-verb-vvrjnf0L",
"links": [
[
"hold up",
"hold up"
],
[
"keep",
"keep"
],
[
"aloft",
"aloft"
],
[
"upright",
"upright"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 19 33 12 9 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 95 0 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Money",
"orig": "enm:Money",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"To subsidise or pay for; to give money to maintain."
],
"id": "en-upholden-enm-verb-FgTErJVR",
"links": [
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"sustain",
"sustain"
],
[
"help",
"help"
],
[
"subsidise",
"subsidise"
],
[
"pay for",
"pay for"
],
[
"maintain",
"maintain"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"To complete or bring about (an intent)"
],
"id": "en-upholden-enm-verb-lLrylYqX",
"links": [
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"sustain",
"sustain"
],
[
"help",
"help"
],
[
"complete",
"complete"
],
[
"bring about",
"bring about"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"(rare) To complete or bring about (an intent)"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"To resist; to defend against."
],
"id": "en-upholden-enm-verb-bzKmXOSY",
"links": [
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"sustain",
"sustain"
],
[
"help",
"help"
],
[
"resist",
"resist"
],
[
"defend",
"defend"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"(rare) To resist; to defend against."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"To confirm an assertion or claim."
],
"id": "en-upholden-enm-verb-9MO2wkD5",
"links": [
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"sustain",
"sustain"
],
[
"help",
"help"
],
[
"confirm",
"confirm"
],
[
"assertion",
"assertion"
],
[
"claim",
"claim"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"(rare) To confirm an assertion or claim."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/upˈhɔ̝ːldən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/upˈhaːld/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "upholden"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 7 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms prefixed with up-",
"Middle English verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Money"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "uphold"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "uphaud"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "up-haud"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "uphald"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "uphaud"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "up-haud"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "uphalde"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "up-",
"3": "holden"
},
"expansion": "up- + holden",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ophouden"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch ophouden",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "upholden"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German upholden",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "ûfhalten"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German ûfhalten",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From up- + holden; compare Middle Dutch ophouden, Middle Low German upholden, Middle High German ûfhalten.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upholdeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upheld",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "upholden",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "upholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to upholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "upheld",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "uphelde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "upheld",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "uphelde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "upholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "uphelden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "uphelde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upholdende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "upholden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "up halde",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "uphold",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "upholde",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "up-holde",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "up halden",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "uphald",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "up-halde",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "upholden",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "upholdeth",
"2": "upholdynge",
"3": "upheld",
"4": "upholden"
},
"expansion": "upholden (third-person singular simple present upholdeth, present participle upholdynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative upheld, past participle upholden)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hold",
"2": "held",
"class": "7",
"pf": "up"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To hold up; to keep aloft or upright."
],
"links": [
[
"hold up",
"hold up"
],
[
"keep",
"keep"
],
[
"aloft",
"aloft"
],
[
"upright",
"upright"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"To subsidise or pay for; to give money to maintain."
],
"links": [
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"sustain",
"sustain"
],
[
"help",
"help"
],
[
"subsidise",
"subsidise"
],
[
"pay for",
"pay for"
],
[
"maintain",
"maintain"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"To complete or bring about (an intent)"
],
"links": [
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"sustain",
"sustain"
],
[
"help",
"help"
],
[
"complete",
"complete"
],
[
"bring about",
"bring about"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"(rare) To complete or bring about (an intent)"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"To resist; to defend against."
],
"links": [
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"sustain",
"sustain"
],
[
"help",
"help"
],
[
"resist",
"resist"
],
[
"defend",
"defend"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"(rare) To resist; to defend against."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"To confirm an assertion or claim."
],
"links": [
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"sustain",
"sustain"
],
[
"help",
"help"
],
[
"confirm",
"confirm"
],
[
"assertion",
"assertion"
],
[
"claim",
"claim"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To support or sustain; to provide help to or for:",
"(rare) To confirm an assertion or claim."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/upˈhɔ̝ːldən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/upˈhaːld/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "upholden"
}
Download raw JSONL data for upholden meaning in Middle English (6.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (cdfa371 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.